As America’s China policy turns from engagement to competition, Beijing must face facts: Trump or no Trump, the US has reached bipartisan consensus on containing China. How should Beijing respond? Where will the current confrontation lead? In crafting a new strategy towards the US, China must consider the ultimate goal of its rise, and how America fits into the big picture.

Trade and economic ties were long the ballast in China-US ties — despite political disputes, the business community was in favor of warmer relations. Now the ballast threatens to turn into a stumbling block, as trade may be the sticking point preventing both nations from returning to a friendly stance, while exacerbating their superpower competition.

Trump’s idiosyncratic “art of the deal” apparently means putting extreme pressure on your negotiating partner to force them to surrender — but the US approach is based on faulty Trumpian economic assumptions and a misread of China’s growth history, and will only backfire.

“They would like to make a deal. We’re not ready to make a deal.”

China would like to make a deal, U.S. president says in Japan. Tariffs on Chinese goods could go up ‘very easily,’ he says

Why was the Chinese government unwilling to accept Trump’s last minute demands during trade talks? Look to history: 2019 marks the centenary of the anti-imperialist May 4th movement. China can hardly be accepted to surrender to a 21st-century “unequal treaty”—if the US government understood this aspect of Chinese culture better, negotiations would proceed more smoothly.

The trade war has not gone as U.S. policymakers expected—China has not given up easily. This overconfidence came from an inflated view of America’s market boom, which is merely a short-term “sugar high” produced by Republican tax cuts. A more serious misjudgment was underestimating China’s economic strength and national resolve.