As discussions grow around the upcoming visit by U.S. President Donald Trump, much attention has focused on tariffs, trade, and semiconductors. Many expect that artificial intelligence will also feature prominently on the agenda.

Looking back over the past period, even as technological competition between China and the U.S. has intensified, the two sides have also made some constructive progress in cooperation on artificial intelligence (AI).

When Presidents Xi Jinping and Donald Trump meet in Beijing on May 14-15, both are looking to stabilize the volatile and fraught U.S.-China relationship. Significant and diverse differences between the two sides will endure long beyond the summit meeting, but overall stabilization and progress on ten specific policy areas is achievable.

Unfiltered, people-to-people interactions reveal the human complexity behind international relations and challenge simplistic “us vs. them” narratives. These everyday cross-cultural exchanges, including those through digital media like streamers’ travels, can reduce hostility and reshape how younger generations perceive countries like China and the United States.

Trump’s foreign policy setbacks, particularly with Iran, have complicated his diplomatic agenda and delayed a key summit with China, though both sides remain motivated by domestic and strategic incentives to pursue limited, pragmatic agreements. However, any cooperation will likely focus on narrow, short-term gains, as deep structural rivalry and mutual distrust continue to constrain meaningful long-term rapprochement.

What matters most for China is not whether the United States is in decline but how to understand a country that seeks to shape history while being no longer willing to bear the costs under the old rules. The United States today stands at a historic crossroads. To understand, one must begin with this fundamental reality.

The Trump administration has merged state authority with private interests, treating political power as a monetizable platform rather than a system of public governance. From Beijing’s perspective, this validates China’s pragmatic approach to legitimacy and positions the U.S. as a conglomerate of private interests rather than a traditional state.

The first Trump–Xi summit since 2025 brought high hopes and headline deals on trade, fentanyl, and rare earths, but diverging goals and ambiguous promises hint at the fragility of this latest U.S.–China rapprochement. The United States secured pledges on curbing fentanyl flows, increased agricultural purchases, and the removal of export controls on rare earths, while emphasizing symbolic gains in respect and stability.

Trump and Xi’s latest meeting was a remarkable display of amiability between the U.S. and China, yet the conflicts at hand saw no progress toward resolution.

China and the U.S. must avoid both the Thucydides trap and the Cold War trap. This is not only in their strategic interest but also that of other countries in the region and around the world. Both sides must make major efforts jointly and in a sustained manner.